http://http://repository.ush.edu.sd:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/519 Thu, 23 Apr 2026 13:26:25 GMT 2026-04-23T13:26:25Z http://http://repository.ush.edu.sd:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/529 Herbicidal efficacy and selectivity of pendimethalin, oxadiazon and their tank mixtures to direct seeded onion Nasr Eldin, K. Abdalla; Abdel Gabbar, T. Babiker Production of direct seeded onion is constrained by weeds and complete loss of crop yield is not uncommon. Field trials were undertaken to study the influence of sequential applications of the herbicides pendimethalin, oxadiazon and their tank mixtures on efficacy and selectivity to direct seeded onion. Experiments were undertaken at the Gezira and Shendi Research Stations. Onion (cv Saggai) seeds were planted on ridges. Grassy weeds were predominant at the Gezira Research Farm (62 and 69%), while at Shendi Research Farm broad-leaved weeds were the most common (71%). Pendimethalin at 1.19 and 1.79 kg a. i. ha-1, applied at planting, effected excellent and persistent control (85-100%) of grassy weeds. The herbicide at the low rate displayed inconsistent performance on broad-leaved weeds across seasons and sites, while at the high rate it was toxic to the crop. Unrestricted weed growth reduced the onion bulb diameter by 55- 61% and bulb yield by 86-93%. Pendimethalin at 1.19 kg a. i. ha-1, applied at planting, followed by oxadiazon and/or their tank mixtures 2 or 4 weeks after crop emergence provided adequate weed control and significantly increased bulb size and yield. The bulb diameter and yield, obtained, were often comparable to those of the weeded control. Keywords: Direct seeded onion, weed, oxadiazon, pendimethalin, broad-leaved weeds, grasses Production of direct seeded onion is constrained by weeds and complete loss of crop yield is not uncommon. Field trials were undertaken to study the influence of sequential applications of the herbicides pendimethalin, oxadiazon and their tank mixtures on efficacy and selectivity to direct seeded onion. Experiments were undertaken at the Gezira and Shendi Research Stations. Onion (cv Saggai) seeds were planted on ridges. Grassy weeds were predominant at the Gezira Research Farm (62 and 69%), while at Shendi Research Farm broad-leaved weeds were the most common (71%). Pendimethalin at 1.19 and 1.79 kg a. i. ha-1, applied at planting, effected excellent and persistent control (85-100%) of grassy weeds. The herbicide at the low rate displayed inconsistent performance on broad-leaved weeds across seasons and sites, while at the high rate it was toxic to the crop. Unrestricted weed growth reduced the onion bulb diameter by 55- 61% and bulb yield by 86-93%. Pendimethalin at 1.19 kg a. i. ha-1, applied at planting, followed by oxadiazon and/or their tank mixtures 2 or 4 weeks after crop emergence provided adequate weed control and significantly increased bulb size and yield. The bulb diameter and yield, obtained, were often comparable to those of the weeded control. Keywords: Direct seeded onion, weed, oxadiazon, pendimethalin, broad-leaved weeds, grasses Sat, 01 Dec 2018 00:00:00 GMT http://http://repository.ush.edu.sd:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/529 2018-12-01T00:00:00Z http://http://repository.ush.edu.sd:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/528 Assessment of municipal solid waste profile of Shendi City, River Nile State, Sudan Omar Yousof, Mohamed Ali; Eltigani Osman, Musa Omer A cross sectional study was conducted to assess the solid wastes status of the household in Shendi City, Sudan. Questionnaire, interviews and observations were used. Results showed that 30% - 55% of the household produce about a kilogram a day per person, while 22% - 40% generate 5 or more kilograms daily. More than 50% of the household of different classes store their waste at home near the toilet, kitchen or other commodities in the house. Although most of the households were using suitable methods to store their solid waste (covered bins: 03%-09%; and closed plastic bags: 67%- 74%), however, in some of the household the waste stored at the collection point (03%-06%) or other improper methods (05% - 18%). The most common types of solid waste from the household in the study area are accumulation of various municipal wastes (35%-47%), organic matters (32%-41%) and plastics (07% -23%). In conclusion, a daily solid waste generation per capita in Shendi City is relatively high. Uncontrolled collection and indiscriminately storage of the waste can create breeding sites suitable for insect or parasites that may pose risks to public health. A cross sectional study was conducted to assess the solid wastes status of the household in Shendi City, Sudan. Questionnaire, interviews and observations were used. Results showed that 30% - 55% of the household produce about a kilogram a day per person, while 22% - 40% generate 5 or more kilograms daily. More than 50% of the household of different classes store their waste at home near the toilet, kitchen or other commodities in the house. Although most of the households were using suitable methods to store their solid waste (covered bins: 03%-09%; and closed plastic bags: 67%- 74%), however, in some of the household the waste stored at the collection point (03%-06%) or other improper methods (05% - 18%). The most common types of solid waste from the household in the study area are accumulation of various municipal wastes (35%-47%), organic matters (32%-41%) and plastics (07% -23%). In conclusion, a daily solid waste generation per capita in Shendi City is relatively high. Uncontrolled collection and indiscriminately storage of the waste can create breeding sites suitable for insect or parasites that may pose risks to public health. Sat, 01 Dec 2018 00:00:00 GMT http://http://repository.ush.edu.sd:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/528 2018-12-01T00:00:00Z http://http://repository.ush.edu.sd:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/527 Conventional and modern techniques for the analysis of some Sudan clays Aisha, Abass AbdAlla; Ibrahim, Mohamed Ahmed This study was conducted to determine the main elements contents of clay samples collected from different parts of Sudan (Omdurman, Marawi, Blue Nile, Kosti, Umm Ali and Portland cement) using gravimetric and volumetric techniques as classical chemical analysis and compare the results obtained to the X-ray fluorescence as a physical method of analysis adopted recently. The results obtained from chemical analysis were as follows: losses on ignition were in the range 1.06 to 24%; SiO2 were in the range 20-70%; Al2O3 9-33%; Fe2O3 0.05-9.40%; MgO 2-10%; CaO 0.6-61.07; K2O, 0.1-3.6% and Na2O 0.11-4%, depending upon the type of soil whether koalinite, montmorillonite or illite. The XRF analyses showed some agreement to chemical analysis in a loss on ignition, Fe2O3, Al2O3 and CaO, however, differ in K2O, Na2O, SiO2 and MgO. Keywords: Sudan clay, analysis, Chemical, XRF. This study was conducted to determine the main elements contents of clay samples collected from different parts of Sudan (Omdurman, Marawi, Blue Nile, Kosti, Umm Ali and Portland cement) using gravimetric and volumetric techniques as classical chemical analysis and compare the results obtained to the X-ray fluorescence as a physical method of analysis adopted recently. The results obtained from chemical analysis were as follows: losses on ignition were in the range 1.06 to 24%; SiO2 were in the range 20-70%; Al2O3 9-33%; Fe2O3 0.05-9.40%; MgO 2-10%; CaO 0.6-61.07; K2O, 0.1-3.6% and Na2O 0.11-4%, depending upon the type of soil whether koalinite, montmorillonite or illite. The XRF analyses showed some agreement to chemical analysis in a loss on ignition, Fe2O3, Al2O3 and CaO, however, differ in K2O, Na2O, SiO2 and MgO. Keywords: Sudan clay, analysis, Chemical, XRF. Sat, 01 Dec 2018 00:00:00 GMT http://http://repository.ush.edu.sd:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/527 2018-12-01T00:00:00Z http://http://repository.ush.edu.sd:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/526 Expert system for diagnosing and prescribing the treatment for three of the heart diseases (myocardial infarction, angina and rheumatic fever) Bushara, Nazim Osman This paper studies an essential topic in artificial intelligence that deals with the process of diagnosing and prescribing the medication for three heart diseases, namely myocardial infarction, angina and rheumatic fever, using expert system technique. The proposed expert system will assist beginner physicians in detecting and describing treatment for the disease, beside, reducing the time for a correct diagnosis and diagnostic errors. This technique has been designed using visual basic programming language and SQL for the database, and has tested in the Sudan’s Center for the Heart Diseases and its experimental results showed that this system did quite better than non-expert physicians and about 57% as a well as the expert did. Keywords: Heart diseases, diagnosis, expert system. This paper studies an essential topic in artificial intelligence that deals with the process of diagnosing and prescribing the medication for three heart diseases, namely myocardial infarction, angina and rheumatic fever, using expert system technique. The proposed expert system will assist beginner physicians in detecting and describing treatment for the disease, beside, reducing the time for a correct diagnosis and diagnostic errors. This technique has been designed using visual basic programming language and SQL for the database, and has tested in the Sudan’s Center for the Heart Diseases and its experimental results showed that this system did quite better than non-expert physicians and about 57% as a well as the expert did. Keywords: Heart diseases, diagnosis, expert system. Sat, 01 Dec 2018 00:00:00 GMT http://http://repository.ush.edu.sd:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/526 2018-12-01T00:00:00Z